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Used to show a change in amount, level, or status from an original value to a new value. In formal and business Chinese, 由 marks the starting point and 增至 marks the increased result.
"注册资本由50亿元人民币增至约53.9亿元人民币。"
This pattern shows that one person takes over a position or role from another person. It is common in formal news writing about personnel changes.
"沈浩平卸任法定代表人、董事长，由王彦君接任。"
Used to give a list of examples without claiming the list is complete. 等 at the end means 'and so on' or 'etc.' and is very common in formal descriptions such as business scope or categories.
"经营范围包括半导体材料、电子专用材料、半导体器件、半导体器件专用设备的技术研发、制造和销售等。"
"该公司由TCL中环新能源科技股份有限公司、无锡产业发展集团有限公司、TCL科技集团股份有限公司等共同持股。"
由 introduces the agent or responsible party, while 共同 shows that multiple parties do something together. This pattern is common in business and legal language.
"该公司由TCL中环新能源科技股份有限公司、无锡产业发展集团有限公司、TCL科技集团股份有限公司等共同持股。"
Several nouns can be listed before 的 to modify a following noun. This is a common structure in formal Chinese, especially for listing categories that all relate to one final noun.
"半导体材料、电子专用材料、半导体器件、半导体器件专用设备的技术研发、制造和销售。"
because of; due to
semiconductor
company; firm; corporation
to illustrate
Chinese Yuan (CNY)
to lead
to alter
to happen; to occur; to take place; to break out
(bound form) equal to; same as
ought to
(fig.) person who has the potential to do the job
to leave office
to manufacture; to make
sales (representative, agreement etc)
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