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“由” is used to introduce the agent, source, or responsible party. In news and formal written Chinese, it often appears in passive-like or factual statements to show who owns, carries out, or is responsible for something.
"该公司由中国电气装备集团有限公司全资持股。"
"本次召回范围内的车辆，由于前排座舱空调线束排线不当，在售后更换空气滤清器滤芯时，可能导致前排座舱空调线束受损。"
“根据” introduces the basis, rule, law, or evidence for an action or decision. It is very common in formal, legal, and news contexts to show that something is done in accordance with a regulation or source.
"华晨宝马汽车有限公司、宝马（中国）汽车贸易有限公司根据《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例》和《缺陷汽车产品召回管理条例实施办法》的要求，向国家市场监督管理总局备案了召回计划。"
“包括……等” is used to list examples within a larger category. “包括” means “include,” and “等” shows the list is not complete. This pattern is especially common in business and formal descriptions of scope or content.
"经营范围包括人工智能应用软件开发、人工智能行业应用系统集成服务、人工智能硬件销售、智能机器人的研发等。"
“自……起” is a formal way to mean “starting from” a certain time. It is often used in notices, regulations, and news reports instead of the more spoken “从……开始”.
"自即日起，召回生产日期从2023年12月5日至2025年4月12日的部分国产5系汽车，共计133849台。"
"自即日起，召回生产日期从2023年10月17日至2025年4月8日的部分进口5系汽车，共计8978台。"
“由于” introduces a cause or reason, often in formal writing. It is commonly followed by a result clause. When paired with “可能,” it expresses a possible consequence: “due to ..., it may ...”.
"本次召回范围内的车辆，由于前排座舱空调线束排线不当，在售后更换空气滤清器滤芯时，可能导致前排座舱空调线束受损。"
"极端情况下，可能发生线束短路，存在起火风险。"
bus
monthly
harvest (old)
also pr. [di4] or [di5] in poetry and songs
China
part; portion; piece
used in place names
to sum up to
day
to import
from; through; via
corporation
artificial intelligence (AI)
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