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Indicates that the second action happens immediately after the first action is completed. Shows a close temporal relationship between two events.
"孙膑和田忌一进军，就直指魏国的都城大梁"
"孙膑见庞涓被引诱回来，就对田忌说"
Indicates the circumstances, conditions, or assistance under which an action takes place. Often used with abstract nouns like 帮助 (help), 影响 (influence), 领导 (leadership).
"孙膑在齐国使者的帮助下秘密逃到了齐国"
Used to compare two things, indicating that the subject is inferior to or not as good as the object of comparison.
"他深知自己的才干不如孙膑"
Expresses what someone thinks or believes, often implying a mistaken assumption or subjective judgment that may not match reality.
"总以为咱们的军队胆子小"
"以为齐军士兵胆小，逃跑了大半"
Indicates that someone is forced to do something because there are no better alternatives. Expresses reluctance or lack of better options.
"庞涓这时才知中了圈套，走投无路，只好自杀了"
(used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的[pi2 ge2 de5] "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的|跑堂儿的[pao3 tang2 r5 de5] "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的[xin1 de5] "new one")
(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least
(adverb for emphatic assertion)
(after a suppositional clause) in that case; then
(prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世|来世[lai2 shi4])
(used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
kitchen; mess; canteen
trend; tendency
armed forces; troops
(third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his
to guide
together; in company (with)
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