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“由” is used to indicate who performs an action, who is responsible for something, or who something is controlled/owned by. In formal and business Chinese, it often introduces the subject behind an action or ownership structure.
"该公司由新石器慧研（深圳）科技有限公司全资持股。"
"法定代表人为李子夷。"
“包括……等” is used to list representative items without giving a complete list. It means “including ... and so on.” This is very common in formal writing, reports, and business descriptions.
"经营范围包括智能机器人的研发、新能源汽车换电设施销售、人工智能硬件销售等。"
"本次交易初步确定的交易对方包括苏州奥兰多精密制造有限公司、李荣虎等。"
“以……方式……” means “to do something by means of...” or “in the form of...”. It introduces the method, form, or approach used to carry out an action. This pattern is especially common in formal and financial texts.
"公司正在筹划以发行股份及支付现金方式购买江苏曾瑞智控科技有限公司100%股权。"
“因” is a formal written equivalent of “因为”. It introduces the reason or cause for something and is commonly seen in news, announcements, and legal/business writing.
"因事项存在不确定性，公司股票自2026年3月24日开市起停牌。"
“自……起” means “starting from...” or “as of...”. It marks the beginning point in time from which an action or situation starts. This pattern is common in formal notices and schedules.
"公司股票自2026年3月24日开市起停牌。"
CL:筆|笔[bi3]
science and technology
to get news
and
to market
no; not so
to involve
(used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
to illustrate
company; firm; corporation
(used to end an enumeration)
to predict
stock
CL:個|个[ge4]
(in) the past few days
man-made
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