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Used to say that a person, company, or group is the main leader or representative of a larger group. It often appears in formal news or written Chinese.
"据报道，以三星和SK为首的韩国各大企业集团已推出一系列节能措施。"
A listing structure used to introduce examples within a larger category. “包括” means “including,” “以及” links items as “as well as,” and “等” shows the list is not complete.
"包括关闭办公区照明以及对驾车上班的员工实施车辆限行等。"
A formal structure meaning to carry out a policy, measure, or action toward a target group or object. “对” marks who or what is affected, and “实施” means “to implement.”
"对驾车上班的员工实施车辆限行。"
Used to mark the starting point in time for an action, rule, or event. It means “starting from...” and is common in announcements and formal statements.
"三星宣布从26日起在所有国内业务场所实施车辆限行制度。"
Used to state a general rule in A and then exclude special cases with “除外.” It is common in regulations, notices, and formal writing.
"车牌尾号与日期尾号相同的车辆限制使用停车场，但电动车、氢燃料车、孕妇和残疾人车辆除外。"
vehicle
(used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的[pi2 ge2 de5] "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的|跑堂儿的[pao3 tang2 r5 de5] "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的[xin1 de5] "new one")
to conserve energy; to minimize energy consumption
institution
to complete a set in mahjong or playing cards
old variant of 以[yi3]
to carry out
to exclude
same
company; firm; enterprise; corporation
probably
to release
pregnant woman
to report (news)
to stipulate; to specify; to prescribe; to fix (a price); to set (a quota)
a string of
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