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This pattern means 'after doing something' or 'after something happened'. 在 introduces the time point or event, and 之后 marks what comes later. It is very common in formal written Chinese to connect events in sequence.
"在全球经历众多试验之后，中国首次批准脑机接口植入的商业化应用。"
"在植入脑机接口9个月后，患者能够完成进食、饮水以及其他涉及手部功能的日常任务。"
由 is used to introduce the agent, meaning 'by'. In formal Chinese, it often appears in passive-like structures to show who developed, published, or carried out an action. It is especially common in news and academic writing.
"近日，由博睿康医疗科技（上海）有限公司研发的这款名为“NEO”的脑机接口产品获中国国家药品监督管理局批准上市。"
"一篇2025年7月发表在预印本平台的论文详细介绍了一种植入一名50多岁男性体内的设备。"
These forms express possibility, ability, or causing something to happen. 可以 and 能够 mean 'can / be able to', while 让 means 'to make / let'. They are important for describing what technology or people are able to do.
"该技术可以让脑部引导外骨骼等设备的行动。"
"在植入脑机接口9个月后，患者能够完成进食、饮水以及其他涉及手部功能的日常任务。"
These words introduce contrast, similar to 'but', 'however', or 'yet'. In this text, they are used often to balance progress with remaining problems or limitations. 不过 is slightly softer and common in both speech and writing; 但 is more concise and formal.
"不过有一些不确定性，中国方面发展得很快。"
"他两手功能瘫痪、没有抓握能力，但右臂仍维持有限的活动能力。"
通过 means 'through' or 'by means of'. It introduces the method, channel, or process used to achieve a result. This is very common in formal and academic Chinese.
"此次获批正值中国刚刚通过的“十五五”规划纲要将脑机接口列为“未来产业”。"
"此外，通过连续的脑机接口训练，患者表现出显著的神经功能恢复。"
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
monthly
(of sb or sth) to be (located) at
China
product
(modal particle intensifying preceding clause)
patient; sufferer
(bound form) other; another; some other (as in 他日[ta1 ri4] and 他人[ta1 ren2])
to not be
sun
probably
to have; there is
function; capability
however
still; yet
to be in (some state, position, or condition)
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