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This pattern is used to show a numerical change, especially in formal or business writing. 由 introduces the original amount, and 增至 gives the new amount after the increase.
"注册资本由2.24亿美元增至3.19亿美元。"
等 is used after a list to show that the listed items are only examples and that there are more similar items not mentioned.
"打通企业微信、QQ、飞书、钉钉等多平台远控通道。"
"经营范围包括投资管理、轮胎销售、汽车零配件批发、机动车修理和维护等。"
This is a common formal listing structure. 包括 introduces examples within a category, and 等 marks the list as non-exhaustive.
"经营范围包括投资管理、轮胎销售、汽车零配件批发、机动车修理和维护等。"
This pattern places an action or event within a certain context, process, or occasion. It often appears in formal written Chinese.
"“龙虾像素工作室”、定时任务等特色功能也在本次公测中正式开放。"
This is a common business/news expression meaning that a company is completely owned by a certain shareholder. 由 introduces the agent or owner.
"该公司由COMPAGNIE FINANCIERE MICHELIN全资持股。"
formal; official
(bound form) equal to; same as
to invest
CL:家[jia1]
China
that
nail
to open (sth that has been sealed)
month
to find out
from
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