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“由” is often used in formal written Chinese to introduce the agent or responsible institution, similar to “by” in passive-style expressions. It commonly appears in legal, official, and news texts.
"由国家监察委员会调查终结，移送检察机关审查起诉。"
"并指定由河南省信阳市人民检察院审查起诉。"
In formal contexts, “以” can mean “on the basis of” or “with,” and it often combines with “对” to show that an action is taken toward a person according to a certain charge, reason, or standard.
"最高人民检察院依法以涉嫌受贿罪对金湘军作出逮捕决定。"
“在……阶段” means “at/during the stage of ...” and is used to specify when an action happens within a process. It is very common in formal and academic Chinese.
"检察机关在审查起诉阶段，依法告知了被告人金湘军享有的诉讼权利。"
“以及” is a formal connector meaning “as well as,” “and also,” or “along with.” It is used to add another item, often in long lists or formal written language.
"利用担任广西壮族自治区玉林市市长、市委书记，防城港市委书记，天津市副市长、市委副书记，山西省委副书记、省长等职务上的便利，以及职权或者地位形成的便利条件。"
“应当” means “should” or “ought to,” and in legal language “以……追究……责任” means “to pursue/hold someone legally responsible under a certain charge.” This is a common formal legal structure.
"依法应当以受贿罪追究其刑事责任。"
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4 bu5 liao3] "cannot forget")
according to law
secretary (chief official of a branch of a socialist or communist party)
by; via; through
huge; immense; enormous; gigantic
by means of
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