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Used to indicate that one action or situation happened before another point in time or event. It often introduces a time reference and is very common in formal written Chinese.
"甚至在2月28日冲突爆发之前，美国经济就已“接近滞胀”。"
Used to show that something happens after an event is completed. This pattern is important for sequencing events in both spoken and written Chinese.
"在伊朗为报复美以两国的打击而封锁霍尔木兹海峡航道并袭击能源及海上目标之后，全球原油价格飙升40%至50%。"
Used to express concession: even though one situation exists, another contrasting result still happens. In formal writing, 尽管 often pairs with 但, though 但 may sometimes be omitted.
"他补充说，尽管有呈现正增长的经济数据，但增长是“失衡的”。"
"他解释说，尽管欧洲肯定也会面临来自能源行业的通胀压力，但受益于国防开支的大幅增加，其经济增长得到了提振。"
Used to compare the current situation with another example, meaning 'just as...'. It is common in formal explanation and argumentative writing.
"施蒂格利茨表示，美国依然是滞胀风险最高的国家，正如20世纪70年代石油危机期间的情形一样。"
A formal structure used to explain reasons. It introduces the cause or justification for a previous statement and is very useful in expository and analytical texts.
"这位经济学家认为，这是因为“特朗普摧毁了外界对美国和美元的信心”。"
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4 bu5 liao3] "cannot forget")
to grow; to increase
(used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
economy
to explain; to comment
day
to face
(introduces object of main verb, used in the same way as 把[ba3])
(bound form) harmonious
CL:個|个[ge4],種|种[zhong3]
monthly
and; as well as
to believe; to think; to consider; to feel
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