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Connects a hypothetical condition with its logical result; the speaker can state a cause-and-effect concern or reasoning.
"如果真是由大气聚集而成，那么天上的太阳、月亮和星星不是会掉下来么？"
Describes what larger things are made from; use 由 + material + 组成/聚集而成 to state the ingredients or elements.
"天不过由大气聚集而成的。"
"地是由各种泥土组成的。"
Emphasizes the expected answer by turning a claim into an obvious question, often to express doubt or incredulity.
"天上的太阳、月亮和星星不是会掉下来么？"
Uses 哪 + question word to stress that no matter which option, the conclusion stays the same; often paired with 都/不 to show universality.
"东南西北哪一个地方不都是泥土啊！"
Marks a turning point in narrative time, indicating that what follows happens after a clear change.
"杞国人终于明白过来，从此精神也振作了。"
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
(adverb for emphatic assertion)
from
anxious
(third-person singular) (since the early 20th century, usu. male) he; him; his
(once) again
to descend
CL:個|个[ge4],位[wei4]
you (informal, as opposed to courteous 您[nin2])
(used for emphasis) even
(pronoun) this; these
imposing; impressive; stylish
to persuade
CL:條|条[tiao2],本[ben3],句[ju4]
(used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)
to assemble; to gather
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