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Used to compare two things, indicating that the first is inferior to the second. Structure: A + 不如 + B
"我知道自己的相貌不如徐公"
Emphasizes the reason or cause for something. The 是...的 structure highlights the reason introduced by 因为
"原来妻子说我美是因为偏爱我"
"小老婆说我美，是因为怕我"
Double negative structure meaning 'there is none who doesn't' or 'everyone/everything'. Creates emphasis that all do something
"宫廷里的妇女和随从没有不顺从您的"
"朝廷里的百官没有不怕您的"
"全国的百姓没有不求您的"
Conjunction indicating a natural consequence or result of what was just mentioned. Shows logical progression between events
"威王一听，恍然大悟，于是下命令鼓励大家提意见"
Shows cause and progressive result. 由于 introduces the reason, 越来越 indicates increasing degree of change
"由于威王善于采纳别人的意见治理国家，齐国越来越强大了"
(used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的[pi2 ge2 de5] "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的|跑堂儿的[pao3 tang2 r5 de5] "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的[xin1 de5] "new one")
I; me; my
(adverb for emphatic assertion)
to scold; to tell off
person; people
(after a suppositional clause) in that case; then
(after a round number) approximately
you (courteous, as opposed to informal 你[ni3])
(of eyes) bright
inside
(joining two nouns) and; together with; with (Taiwan pr. [han4])
command
very satisfactory; good
hasn't
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