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Grammar Points
以...为由— using ... as reasonHSK 5
This pattern introduces the reason or excuse someone gives for an action. The format is “以 + reason + 为由”，meaning “with ... as the reason.” It is often followed by criticism or justification.
对...发起...调查— initiating an investigation into ...HSK 5
Use this pattern to describe launching an investigation, lawsuit, or action against a target. “对 + object + 发起 + noun” means “to initiate ... against ...,” common in formal or news language.
"美方宣布对包括中国在内的60个经济体发起301调查。"
"此次美方对中国及有关经济体发起301调查，企图以此构建贸易壁垒。"
继...后— after / following ...HSK 4
“继...后” expresses that one action happens after another, often in news reports or formal writing. It is equivalent to “after ...” or “following ...”.
"这是美方继3月11日发起“产能过剩”301调查后，连续发起的又一项301调查。"
A，却B— contrast with “but”HSK 3
This pattern connects two clauses to show contrast. “却” emphasizes that the second clause is opposite or unexpected given the first clause. It is similar to “but” or “yet.”
This formal phrase is used to state that someone keeps the option to take a future action. “保留 + verb phrase + 的权利” means “to reserve the right to ...”.