的 connects a modifier to a noun, showing possession, description, or relationship. It's like 's in English or 'of'.
"我的关注 (my follows)"
"申请的报道 (applied reports)"
由...V (yóu...V)— Passive with 由HSK 4
由 introduces the agent in passive constructions, showing who performs the action. Similar to 'by' in English passive voice.
"该公司由中国电信股份有限公司间接全资持股 (The company is wholly owned indirectly by China Telecom Corporation Limited)"
"本站由阿里云提供计算与安全服务 (This site is provided computing and security services by Alibaba Cloud)"
V + 至 (zhì)— Verb + 至 (to/until)HSK 5
至 after a verb indicates direction toward a destination or endpoint, meaning 'to' or 'until'.
"分享至 (share to)"
包括...等 (bāokuò...děng)— Including...etc.HSK 4
包括 means 'including' and 等 means 'etc.' Together they list examples from a larger category.
"经营范围包括网络与信息安全软件开发、信息系统集成服务、信息系统运行维护服务、5G通信技术服务等 (Business scope includes network and information security software development, information system integration services, information system operation and maintenance services, 5G communication technology services, etc.)"
较...V (jiào...V)— Compared to...HSK 5
较 introduces a comparison point, meaning 'compared to' or 'relative to', often used in formal writing.
"较上一个交易日此时缩量约274.72亿元 (compared to the same time on the previous trading day, volume decreased by approximately 27.472 billion yuan)"