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Grammar Points
在…后— After eventHSK 4
Used to indicate that one action happens after another. “在” plus event + “后” describes the time sequence for a subsequent action.
"在指数下跌8%后，韩国交易所启动KOSDAQ指数熔断机制。"
"在指数下跌8%后，韩国交易所启动KOSDAQ指数熔断机制，交易暂停20分钟。"
由…共同…— Joint agentHSK 5
Indicates multiple agents jointly performing an action; “由” introduces the agents and “共同” emphasizes collaboration.
"股东信息显示，该公司由吴强、段育鹤、无锡朔弘投资合伙企业（有限合伙）等共同持股。"
包括…— Including listHSK 3
Lists elements included in a broader category using “包括” followed by the items; it can contain nouns or verb phrases.
"经营范围包括电气控制设备及配件、监控设备、成套电源、计算机软硬件的销售等。"
由…主导（掌舵人）— Leadership changeHSK 5
Describes who is in charge or leading, often used for roles or responsibilities; the pattern typically uses “由” or identifies the person after mentioning a change.
"突发：阿里千问大模型掌舵人林俊旸卸任。"
由…提供…服务— Service provider attributionHSK 4
Indicates who provides a particular service; “由” introduces the provider and specifies the service that follows.