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“由” is used to introduce the person, company, or organization that performs an action. In formal written Chinese, especially news and business writing, it often means “be done by” or “be taken over by.”
"由黄力平接任。"
"该公司由深圳市地铁集团有限公司、香港中央结算有限公司等共同持股。"
“包括……等” is used to give examples within a larger category. “包括” means “include,” and “等” signals that the list is not complete. This pattern is very common in formal descriptions.
"经营范围包括兴办实业、进出口业务、房地产开发等。"
"该公司由深圳市地铁集团有限公司、香港中央结算有限公司等共同持股。"
This pattern lists several examples and adds “等” to mean “and others / etc.” It is commonly used in news reports to mention representative items without giving a full list.
"云煤能源、辽宁能源、山西焦煤等涨停。"
"深圳市地铁集团有限公司、香港中央结算有限公司等共同持股。"
“近” before a number means “close to” or “nearly.” It is used to show an approximate amount, often in statistics, finance, and news writing.
"沪深京三市近5000股飘绿。"
“于” is a formal written marker meaning “in,” “on,” or “at” before time. It is common in news, official writing, and company profiles, and is more formal than “在.”
"万科企业股份有限公司成立于1984年5月。"
to wait for; to await
slab
from
golden (opportunity)
company; firm; enterprise; corporation
a share (in a company)
energy sources; energy
to exploit (a resource); to open up (for development); to develop
to change
to leave office
international
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