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Use 当 + clause + 时 to mark the time when something happens, equivalent to “when…” in English.
"当苦难降临时，用哀号抚慰心灵。"
用 introduces the tool or means of an action; it can be followed directly by a verb or by 来 + verb for emphasis.
"当苦难降临时，用哀号抚慰心灵。"
在…之外 / 但在…之外 sets up context by stating “besides/aside from…” before presenting a contrast or a focus.
"但在军事打击与政治喧嚣之外，何为伊朗？"
从...出发 describes a starting point—literal or figurative—for an action, idea, or perspective.
"他从小巷与屋顶出发，勾勒出鲜活的伊朗民众以及悠久的波斯文化。"
何为 + noun is a literary way to ask “what is…?” or “what does … mean?” and is often used in written or formal registers.
"但在军事打击与政治喧嚣之外，何为伊朗？"
(used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
CL:條|条[tiao2],個|个[ge4]
(of the sea etc) surging; tempestuous
together with
CL:個|个[ge4]
youthfulness
horn (wind instrument)
month
grain
state (of affairs)
period
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