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Used to express a condition and its result. 如果 is the common spoken/written form; 若 is a more formal written equivalent often seen in news or official language.
"但如果对方不执行协议，我们也会做好应对挑战的准备。"
"《关于中美经贸关系若干问题的中方立场》白皮书。"
Used to indicate the time when something happens. The structure often introduces the background situation before the main action.
"在博鳌亚洲论坛2026年年会上，当被问及如何看待中美巴黎经贸对话提出建立新机制以促进两国贸易和投资一事时，世界银行前首席经济学家、北京大学新结构经济学研究院院长林毅夫对澎湃新闻作出上述表示。"
"在被问及对美国总统特朗普可能的访华行程有何期待时，林毅夫表示，元首面对面会晤对达成某些协议至关重要。"
被 marks the passive voice, showing that the subject receives an action rather than performs it. In formal writing, it often appears in phrases like 被问及 (“be asked about”).
"当被问及如何看待中美巴黎经贸对话提出建立新机制以促进两国贸易和投资一事时……"
"在被问及对美国总统特朗普可能的访华行程有何期待时，林毅夫表示……"
Used to emphasize that something has never happened at any time up to now. It is stronger than simply saying 没有.
"中国从来没有发起过贸易战，也做好了充足的准备应对美国挑起的贸易战。"
This pattern shows contrast: the first clause presents one fact, and the second clause adds another fact that still holds true despite the contrast. The adverb 也 often softens and balances the statement.
"但如果对方不执行协议，我们也会做好应对挑战的准备。"
"他始终认为中美正常贸易往来是符合两国人民利益的，但“中国从来没有发起过贸易战，也做好了充足的准备应对美国挑起的贸易战”。"
pact
(used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
economy and trade (abbr. for 經濟貿易|经济贸易[jing1 ji4 mao4 yi4])
but; yet; however; still
(bound form) the Americas (abbr. for 美洲[Mei3 zhou1])
to implement
expression; manifestation
variant of 年[nian2]
unofficial variant of 瞭[liao4]
(bound form) to reckon accounts
CL:個|个[ge4]
to face
month
day
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